To me, the new results from DNA are undermining the nationalist paradigm that we have always lived here and not mixed with other people, Gothenburgs Kristiansen says. Though it was disputed for many years, there is conclusive evidence that Neanderthals bred with modern humans (Homo sapiens). Series Minor 43. It appears that, beginning 2800-3000 BC, the Yamnaya moved out from somewhere in modern-day western Russia or the Ukraine and began to move into the plains of central Europe. Many societies involved in this network were probably decentralized tribes and chiefdoms. [Online] Available at: https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-asia/dyeus-pater-0011264Welsh, J. Researchers have found that it preserves genetic information long after usable DNA has been baked out of the rest of a skeleton. Standing on it now, he peels back a tarp to reveal whats underneath: a rectangular chamber containing the skeleton of a chieftain, lying on his back with his knees bent. [36] Anthony[37] speculates that the Yamnaya ate a diet consisting of meat, milk, yogurt, cheese, and soups made from seeds and wild vegetables, and probably consumed mead.
Yamnaya artifacts from their homeland in Russia and Ukraine include a four-foot-tall anthropomorphic stela from 3000 B.C. It could be said that the first movement towards economic and cultural globalization was implemented by pastoralist nomads wandering the steppes of central Eurasia. Indo-European migrations according to theKurgan hypothesis. Marc Verhaegen 1997 In the first century CE, Roman historian Tacitus observed that in a Germanic tribe (descended from the Yamnaya), 'the wife refused to survive her husband, but killed herself in order to be burnt on the same funeral pyre as him'. It has even been suggested that European women may have found Yamnaya men more desirable for marriage because of their prowess as warriors and their superior technology. [40] Each of those two populations contributed about half the Yamnaya DNA. During the past decade it has become possible to sequence the entire genome of humans who lived tens of millennia ago. They passed the curving arc of the Carpathian Mountains . In the 1960s Serbian archaeologists uncovered a Mesolithic fishing village nestled in steep cliffs on a bend of the Danube, near one of the rivers narrowest points. It also has words for wheat and barley. A millennium later, when it was finished, the Neolithic population had been replaced by descendants of the Yamnayaperhaps because the latter carried plague. Even today it makes some archaeologists uncomfortable when geneticists draw bold arrows across maps of Europe. Early Yamnaya culture (3400 BC), according to Anthony (2007), The Yamnaya culture was semi-nomadic, with some agriculture practiced near rivers, and a few fortified sites, the largest of which is Mikhaylivka. [71], In the Baltic, Jones et al. I have had a theory for a number of years about the success of the IE (now Yamnaya) people in populating the world. Their use of bronze and copper may have given them an advantage over the mostly Neolithic, Stone Age inhabitants of Europe at the time. The Yamnaya crossed enormous distances, likely because of a newly domesticated animal at the time, the horse. D-Day: The Allies Invade Europe. Heres why each season begins twice. Based on predictions of PIE culture, this might mitigate against the idea that PIE culture can be identified with the Yamnaya. Beginning around 9,000 BP however, agriculture and village life began to spread across Europe and by 5,000 BP the continent was mostly settled by Neolithic farmers. The site of Lepenski Vir, nearby in Serbia, was a haven for fishing hunter-gatherersuntil farmers took over around 6000 B.C. Today about 2 percent of a typical Europeans genome consists of Neanderthal DNA. A typical African has none. Yamnaya people left their mark from Ireland to China's western . One of the earliest material cultures associated with a domesticated horse species is the Botai culture . A rider at the Zaporizhzhya Cossack Museum on Ukraines Khortytsya Island demonstrates the acrobatic skills that made the Cossacks such feared warriors from the 1400s on. The Yamnaya originated from Eurasia, and before they migrated into Europe, the people of Neolithic Europe were said to be a communal and innovative society. However there is also significant admixture of Neolithic farmer populations as well. Help News from Science publish trustworthy, high-impact stories about research and the people who shape it. Your tax-deductible contribution plays a critical role in sustaining this effort. The word for ocean or sea is not consistent across many Indo-European language subgroups and, in some cases, appears to have been borrowed from a foreign, possibly non-Indo-European language, as is the case with the Greek, thalassa. Instead, they. Back migration from Corded Ware also contributed to Sintashta and Andronovo. Who Destroyed the Great Library of Alexandria? Over the centuries their descendants pushed along the Danube past Lepenski Vir and deep into the heart of the continent. It would be as if they had suddenly been given a car. How European Farmers Spread Agriculture Across Continent . Diet stable isotope ratios of Yamna individuals from the Dnipro Valley suggest the Yamna diet was terrestrial protein based with insignificant contribution from freshwater or aquatic resources. featuring axes and horses. Ciugudean H. 1991, " Zur frhen Bronzezeit in Siebenbrgen im Lichte der Ausgrabungen von . On the other hand, it is known that the Yamnaya did also practice agriculture. [21] Earlier continuity from eneolithic but largely hunter-gatherer Samara culture and influences from the more agricultural DnieperDonets II are apparent. 2300-2000 BCE : The Indo-Europeans continue their advance to Western and Northern Europe, spreading the Bronze Age and the single grave tradition with them. Lactase and language: the spread of the Yamnaya. Using a statistical method developed by graduate student Amy Goldberg in the lab of population geneticist Noah Rosenberg at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, the team calculated that there were perhaps 10 men for every woman in the migration of Yamnaya men to Europe (with a range of five to 14 migrating men for every woman). ( Math920 / Public Domain). Although there are still many unanswered questions, sequencing of ancient human genomes has revealed that these culture changes in Europe were partially the result of a migration of people. The genetic information is startlingly complete: Everything from hair and eye color to the inability to digest milk can be determined from a thousandth of an ounce of bone or tooth. [29] The dead bodies were placed in a supine position with bent knees and covered in ochre. YAVORNITSKY NATIONAL HISTORICAL MUSEUM, DNIPROPETROVSK, UKRAINE, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN HISTORY. In Britain and some other places, hardly any of the farmers who already lived in Europe survived the onslaught from the east. Eurasia has hundreds of different ancient human genomes that can be studied in order to decipher past migration within Eurasian populations. Yamnaya Corded Ware. the first having spread proto-Indo-European . The farmers of Boncuklu kept their dead close, burying them in the fetal position under the floors of their houses. This would make their purpose similar to the Greek and Roman colonies established across the Mediterranean. The study identified the Rors and Jats as the population in South Asia with the highest proportion of Steppe ancestry. But above all it comes from the new field of paleogenetics. -"In support of the Gimbutas scenario" Language Origins Society Forum 24:13-14, The Yamnaya lifestyle appears to have been a mixture of pastoralism, agriculture, and hunting and gathering which is similar to the lifestyles of later European cultures such as the Celts and early Germanic cultures. . Between 5000 and 4000 years ago, the Yamnaya and their descendants colonised swathes of Europe, leaving a genetic legacy that persists to this day. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! The Kurgan cultures are thought to represent not just one migration, but many, of which the Yamnaya may have been the first. Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? Yamnaya people were pastoralists who relied on herding sheep, goats, and cattle. Seventy percent of their diet was fish, says Vladimir Nojkovic, the sites director. After all, even in India, the Greeks were referred to by Japaths eldest son, Javan. The origins of modern Europeans are shrouded in mystery and wracked by controversy. Corded Ware burials are so recognizable, archaeologists rarely need to bother with radiocarbon dating. Researchers believe they have found the earliest evidence of horseback riding, by the ancient Yamnaya people in Europe some 5,000 years ago. In southeastern Europe, the villages and egalitarian cemeteries of the Neolithic were replaced by imposing grave mounds covering lone adult men. Yamnaya culture, also known as Yamna, drove out, almost all the population of locals in Spain about 5000 years ago. [6] "Ancient North Eurasian" is the name given in literature to a genetic component that represents descent from the people of the Mal'taBuret' culture[6] or a population closely related to them. . [1] They lived primarily as nomads, with a chiefdom system and wheeled carts and wagons that allowed them to manage large herds. (A) from Grasgruber et al. Bones and artifacts some 7,700 years old found at Aktopraklik, a Neolithic village in northwestern Turkey, offer clues to the early days of agriculture. Europe then was a forbidding place. Yamnaya culture was defined by Vasily Gorodtsov in order to differentiate it from catacomb and srubnaya cultures that existed in the area but considered to be of later period. The State Museum of Prehistory in Halle, Germany, has dozens of Corded Ware graves, including many that were hastily rescued by archaeologists before construction crews went to work. That ratio is "extreme"even more lopsided than the mostly male wave of Spanish conquistadores who came by ship to the Americas in the late 1500s, Goldberg says. The north German tribe of proto-Indo-Europeans, Kossinna argued, had moved outward and dominated an area that stretched most of the way to Moscow. This suggests that the speakers of the language were familiar with these animals and crops and may have raised them. First, a group of hunter-gatherers arrived in Europe about 37,000 years ago. That genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamnaya people[6] as well as modern-day Europeans. 1979, The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe, New York. found that the typical phenotype among the Yamnaya population was brown eyes, brown hair, and intermediate skin colour. Perhaps there was a similar thing to the older PIE culture? One major source of contention over the origins of the precursor to modern European cultures is over whether they involved the movement of actual people or merely the exchange of ideas. The Yamnayans had migrated from the Pontic-Caspian steppes to find greener pastures in todays countries of Romania and Bulgaria up to. None of the Yamnaya samples were predicted to have either blue eyes or blonde hair. Whether or not they brought plague, the Yamnaya did bring domesticated horses and a mobile lifestyle based on wagons into Stone Age Europe. Recent studies of early Bronze Age human genomes revealed a massive population expansion by individuals-related to the Yamnaya culture, from the Pontic Caspian steppe into Western and Eastern Eurasia, likely accompanied by the spread of Indo-European languages [1-5]. Beginning in 2014, Baird sent samples of DNA extracted from skull fragments and teeth from more than a dozen burials to DNA labs in Sweden, Turkey, the U.K., and Germany. They also discovered at least one extinct HBV genome . They didnt stop in southeastern Europe. This tells us that there was an Yamnaya-mediated "Aryan invasion", but it originated in India and went westwards. Three waves of immigrants settled prehistoric Europe. This group included people similar to that of Corded Ware, Srubnaya, Petrovka, and Sintashta. (2018), the "North-Western Indian & Pakistani" populations (PNWI) showed significant Middle-Late Bronze Age Steppe (Steppe_MLBA) ancestry along with Yamnaya Early-Middle Bronze Age (Steppe_EMBA) ancestry, but the Indo-Europeans of Gangetic Plains and Dravidian people only showed significant Yamnaya (Steppe_EMBA) ancestry and no Steppe_MLBA. These mostly nomadic people brought forth a plethora of advancements to Europe, including metalworking, horseback riding, and the application of wheels. The same study estimated a (38.850.4%) ancestral contribution of the Yamnaya in the DNA of modern Central, and Northern Europeans, and an 18.532.6% contribution in modern Southern Europeans; this contribution is found to a lesser extent in Sardinians (2.47.1%) and Sicilians (5.911.6%). But DNA evidence from Boncuklu has helped show that migration had a lot more to do with it. It is likely that once they reached Europe, they settled down and began to practice farming more often. The Yamnaya men could have been more attractive mates than European farmers because they had horses and new technologies, such as copper hammers that gave them an advantage, Goldberg says. Los yamnayas conquistaron el territorio y tuvieron "un acceso preferente a las mujeres locales, una y otra vez", segn una investigacin dirigida por la Universidad de Harvard This is currently accepted map of the westward migration of R1b into Europe.From this great page about R1b on Eurpedia . Defying every anthropology course, people were not having sex with each other. Fear of the other has a long history. When does spring start? 2000-1100 BCE : The Sea Peoples invade the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean from the north (probably from the Black Sea). DNA extracted from the skulls of people buried here has helped researchers trace the spread of early farmers into Europe. [63], According to David W. Anthony, the genetic evidence suggests that the leading clans of the Yamnaya were of EHG (Eastern European hunter-gatherer) and WHG (Western European hunter-gatherer) paternal origin[64] and implies that the Indo-European languages were the result of "a dominant language spoken by EHGs that absorbed Caucasus-like elements in phonology, morphology, and lexicon. [60], Marija Gimbutas identified the Yamnaya culture with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) in her Kurgan hypothesis. The idea that there were once pure populations of ancestral Europeans, there since the days of woolly mammoths, has inspired ideologues since well before the Nazis. Theres no question they were in contact with each other, but they werent exchanging wives or husbands, Anthony says. Yamnaya households were small, consisting of only two or three families. In 1996 Pavel Dolukhanov suggested that the emergence of the Pit-Grave culture represents a social development of various local Bronze Age cultures,[citation needed] representing "an expression of social stratification and the emergence of chiefdom-type nomadic social structures", which in turn intensified inter-group contacts between essentially heterogeneous social groups. This means roughly equal numbers of men and women took part in the migration of Anatolian farmers into Europe. It has long nourished white racism, and in recent years it has stoked fears about the impact of immigrants: fears that have threatened to rip apart the European Union and roiled politics in the United States. The original position of many European archaeologists, however, was that the second instance, at least, represented an invasion. The Yamnaya diet was based on milk and dairy products. The Yamnaya were pastoral nomads. Around 5,000 years ago, ox-drawn wagons rumbled out of the Eurasian grasslands and into the Danube Valley of eastern Europe. Scientific Reports (Nature) [Online] Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29914-5Noyer, R. Date Unknown. Theres little evidence of one group taking up the tools or traditions of the other. Others traveled along the Mediterranean by boat, colonizing islands such as Sardinia and Sicily and settling southern Europe as far as Portugal. The south eastern extent of this Yamnaya culture tomb. Some graves contain large anthropomorphic stelae, with carved human heads, arms, hands, belts, and weapons. Norimitsu Odachi: Who Could Have Possibly Wielded This Enormous 15th Century Japanese Sword? Danish study says, the Yamnaya expansion was massive, bloody and happened in a short time, thanks to a collapsing European society as result of a widespread . DNA of Europes first farmers still dominates the genes of modern Sardinians. The people who live in a place today are not the descendants of people who lived there long ago, says Harvard University paleogeneticist David Reich. When present day European genetics was formed during the beginning of the Bronze Age 5,000 years ago it was a result of migrating Yamnaya pastoralists from the Caspian steppe encountering Stone . "It would imply a continuing strongly negative push factor within the steppes, such as chronic epidemics or diseases," says archaeologist David Anthony of Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York, who was not an author of the new study. (2015), autosomal tests indicate that the Yamnaya people were the result of a genetic admixture between two different hunter-gatherer populations: distinctive "Eastern Hunter-Gatherers" (EHG), from Eastern Europe, with high affinity to the Mal'taBuret' culture or other, closely related people from Siberia[6] and a population of "Caucasus hunter-gatherers" (CHG) who probably arrived from the Caucasus[39][3] or Iran. They immediately interbred with local Europeans, who were descendants of both the farmers and hunter-gatherers. [Online] Available at: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/06/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asiansGibbons, A. Excavations at the 10,300-year-old site of Boncuklu in Turkey have revealed that people were living there during the transition to farming. Evidence is mounting that pastoralist nomads helped to create a vast trade network stretching across much of Eurasia in which goods and information were transferred. The two main views are that the speakers of Proto-Indo-European, the hypothetical ancestor of Indo-European languages, were either Anatolian farmers who began to expand from their homeland in 7000 BC, or pastoralist nomads from the steppes of Eurasia who began to spread out from their homeland around 4000 BC. Horses were domesticated some time before 3,000 BC in central Asia. DANUBIAN ROUTE OF YAMNAYA CULTURE PROJECT, NATIONAL SCIENCE CENTER, POLAND. Theres no such thing as a Dane or a Swede or a German. Instead, were all Russians, all Africans., Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. The group, today known as the Yamna or Pit Grave culture,. Refresh. Heres the technology that helped scientists find itand what it may have been used for. What little is known about the Yamnaya is mostly known from archaeology. If we've learned anything from the COVID-19 pandemic, it's that we cannot wait for a crisis to respond. It is also true that, sometimes, nomadic pastoralists are warlike as innumerable examples in history show. In any case, all these arguments point towards the conclusion that one cannot speak of a Yamnaya invasion, as has been the sole approach for several decades. Look at the migrations of today? The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. Nonetheless, they helped create an inter-continental trade network that connected agricultural civilizations across the ancient world. Source: katiekk2 / Adobe Stock. But genetic evidence, Reich and others say, shows that many Corded Ware people were, to a large extent, their descendants. about Long-lost Native American Fort of the Norwalk Discovered in Connecticut, about Garden of the Gods: Sacred Ground and Native American Crossroads, For Sale In Britain: A Small Ancient Man With A Colossal Penis, Sacred Marvels: 17 Cathedrals That Will Take Your Breath Away, In Pictures, Egyptologists Reveal a Lost Chamber in the Great Pyramid With Cosmic Rays, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Unleashing the End of the World. But one paper, published in Science by Peter de Barros Damgaard and colleagues, argues that the Yamnaya hadn't been the first to tame the horse. The Impact of Recent DNA Studies on our View of Third Millennium Europe", "Human Genetics: Lactase Persistence in a Battlefield", "DNA Deciphers Roots of Modern Europeans", "Long-distance exchanges along the Black Sea coast in the Eneolithic and the steppe genetic ancestry problem", "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia", "Archaeology and Language: Why Archaeologists Care About the Indo-European Problem", "Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard", "Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome", "The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros, Iran", "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", "The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia languages in Europe", "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", "The Neolithic transition in the Baltic was not driven by admixture with early European farmers", "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans", "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East", "A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia", "The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods", "The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe", "Chronology and Periodization of the Pit-Grave Culture in the Area Between the Volga and Ural Rivers Based on 14C Dating and Paleopedological Research", "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia", "Ancient DNA steps into the language debate", "The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India", "Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe", "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions Eurasia", "Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000y", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Genetic study revives debate on origin and expansion of Indo-European Languages", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamnaya_culture&oldid=1142716438, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 00:24. Table 3 of the first article presents the contribution of the Neolithic farmers, Western European hunter. In one view, this change is related to trade networks that existed across Eurasia. It was confirmed in 2015, when two research groups independently discovered that Indo-European men shared a Y-DNA haplogroup that is called R1a. But if confirmed, one explanation is that the Yamnaya men were warriors who swept into Europe on horses or drove horse-drawn wagons; horses had been recently domesticated in the steppe and the wheel was a recent invention. The peoples came to Europe from modern-day western Russia or the Ukraine. But Greek is an Indo-European language, and the oldest evidence of writing in Europe . (Hamed Saber / CC BY-SA 2.0 ). In Sweden, ancient rock carvings (enhanced with modern red paint) echo cultural shifts brought by migrantsstarting with hunter-gatherers who came from Africa in the Ice Age and followed retreating glaciers north. As the cost of sequencing DNA has plummeted, scientists at labs like this one in Jena, Germany, have been able to unravel patterns of past human migration. The latter hypothesis is known as the Kurgan Hypothesis which comes from the name for the type of grave used by the people of the region at the time. [49][50] It has been hypothesized that an allele associated with lactase persistence (conferring lactose tolerance into adulthood) was brought to Europe from the steppe by Yamnaya-related migrations. Impressions from the reed mats and wood beams that formed the roof of his tomb are still clear in the dark, hard-packed earth. Wodarczaks mound near abalj is the westernmost Yamnaya grave found so far. More recent genetic studies have found that the Yamnaya were a mixture of EHGs, CHGs, and to a lesser degree Anatolian farmers and Levantine farmers, but not EEFs from Europe due to lack of WHG DNA in the Yamnaya. [23], Alternatively, Parpola (2015) relates both the Corded ware culture and the Yamnaya culture to the late Trypillia (Tripolye) culture. The Yamnaya were a group of livestock herders who lived north of the Black Sea and in the Caucasus mountains in modern day Russia and Ukraine. After a 500-year gap, the population seemed to grow again, but something was very different. Nonetheless, the movement into new lands may have been intentional. Some dwellings were furnished with carved sculptures that were half human, half fish. [73][c], Studies also point to the strong presence of Yamnaya descent in the current nations of South Asia, especially in groups that are referred to as Indo-Aryans. DNA recovered from ancient teeth and bones lets researchers understand population shifts over time. For the most part, they stayed separate.. The finding that Yamnaya men migrated for many generations also suggests that all was not right back home in the steppe. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. These two cultures were followed by the Srubnaya culture (18th12thcenturyBC). The dramatic decline has puzzled archaeologists for decades. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? In May 1944, the Western Allies were finally prepared to deliver their greatest blow of the war, the long-delayed, cross-channel invasion of northern France, code-named Overlord. The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture (Russian: , Ukrainian: lit. Live Science. Importantly, the geographical explosion of the Yamnaya culture which expanded across 3,000 miles (4,500 kilometers) over a mere century or two suggests horses may have assisted as . But that theory has a major question: Evidence of plague has only just recently been documented in ancient Neolithic skeletons, and so far, no one has found anything like the plague pits full of diseased skeletons left behind after the Black Death. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? Archaeological evidence does suggest, however, that ancient pastoralist nomads had another side to them. It is possible that the reason for this migration was to found colonies that were politically and culturally aligned with the homeland to expand their culture and their family holdings to new lands. If they adopted farming from the local non-Indo-European cultures, we would expect words related to agriculture to be foreign loanwords, and not in the original Proto-Indo-European lexicon. If a plague wiped out Europes Neolithic farmers, it left little trace. Jamnakulturen (ryska: , ukrainska: ; frn ryska/ukrainska , grop), r en europeisk kultur frn sen kopparlder och tidig bronslder.Den utbredning i omrdet mellan floderna Vstra Bug i dagens Ukraina och Dnestr i dagens Rumnien p den Pontisk-kaspiska stppen mellan 3 500 och 2 200 f.Kr. Mother and Child Reunion Of Thetis And Achilles, Seductive Sirens of Greek Mythology and How Heroes Resisted Them, Celestial Goddess Selene: The Ancient Greek Goddess of the Moon, Pegasus of Greek Mythology: Majestic Winged Horse of Mount Olympus, Dreams of Human-Powered Flight: Daedalus and the Story of Icarus, The Warriors Who Shaped African History: The Horsemen of Oyo, Royal Mistress Jane Shore Walked Streets of London in her Underwear, Leonardo Da Vincis Notes Show He Understood Gravity Long Before Newton, Talks Begin on Repatriating Remains of Patrick Sarsfield, Irish War Hero, The Ramessid Dynasty: A Golden Era in Ancient Egypt, Unraveling the Mystery of the Carnac Stones: An Ancient Puzzle of Epic Proportions, Unraveling the Enigma of Aramu Muru, The Mysterious Gate of the Gods. Through investigating ancient genomes, scientists were able to track how the virus has followed human populations over the course of history.
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