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naive scientist vs cognitive miser

Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. >> social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert 48 . /Subtype /TrueType What is the difference between them? /Group << Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R /FontDescriptor 365 0 R What are its three components of prejudice? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 /S /Part 23417270. free . "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. What is social loafing? The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Resources << << -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" /MarkInfo << The process of understanding what something is by knowing /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) You could also do it yourself at any point in time. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Group << doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. >> /F4 24 0 R the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. /S /Transparency 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic >> In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. >> << -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we /Count 13 variability, when the category is. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Name /F2 Jennifer A. . /GS8 28 0 R /F1 21 0 R -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies (1950s) a. /GS8 28 0 R What is obedience? Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . >> Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /F2 22 0 R What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] How did Asch study conformity? The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. /F2 22 0 R Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. /Tabs /S This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. >> 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic Nathaniel . /S /Transparency [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? /Resources << Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. /Tabs /S In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" 15 0 obj /StructParents 3 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. /Type /Page [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /F1 21 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us >> >> -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors How does a "cognitive miser" reason? 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /F2 22 0 R /F3 23 0 R The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. If not, give a counterexample. -Differs: endobj [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. /Tabs /S In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. << But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence /StructParents 12 14 0 obj A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. endobj endobj ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /GS7 27 0 R /Tabs /S /Marked true What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. >> 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] July 2015 . -Becoming less pervasive instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. /Type /Group Describe his findings. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. When does it occur? /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) endobj The cognitive miser theory is an . According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. 23 0 obj -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. Describe his findings. /Subtype /Type1 Sandrine . /F4 24 0 R >> Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /Tabs /S /ca 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /ExtGState << . When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /K [20 0 R] It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior 7,000 & 6,000 \\ 4 0 obj what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R Before this, human thinking was. << /Group << In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. /Filter /FlateDecode [9][pageneeded]. The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. Contents. /Chartsheet /Part >> /GS8 28 0 R /Group << >> -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. Please sign in to share these flashcards. What is diffusion of responsibility? -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. >> /Subtype /TrueType >> How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 /GS8 28 0 R System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /F3 23 0 R -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. /Type /Group endobj Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. 21 0 obj [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. << [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts /Tabs /S basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. >> >> The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. <> -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours That's it. ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). 4,000 & 9,000 \\ -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? /F3 23 0 R Jonathan A. . 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] << /InlineShape /Sect [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. << << /Subtype /Type0 Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. Keith Stanovich . This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. /StructParents 11 [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Font << [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. endobj a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. >> would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) /F1 21 0 R [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. >> [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. What is conformity? In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do 5 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB /StructParents 6 -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R /Type /Page What is culture? 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Lang (en-US) /F4 24 0 R Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . /ExtGState << What is the dual process model of persuasion? What does WEIRD refer to? >> endobj /F3 23 0 R >> economic zones to fisheries. /Parent 2 0 R 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? /Type /Page /Group << /Name /F3 [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. . What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. /Type /Group 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R Aug 2016. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /ExtGState << When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /F4 24 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. /Type /Font -Cognitive component: stereotypes Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known

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