ethnocentrism.d. Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. Historically, The President's Party Performs Poorly In The - Forbes Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Plan a vacation in Switzerland that centers around its natural landscape. A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. The firm does the following: b. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). 33. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Do you know more people from different kinds of social groups than your parents did? Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. b. Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice | Principles of Social Psychology The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. 97 terms. Ethnocentrism. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. e. Essentialism. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? The difference is that we categories ourselves, as self-categorization theory points out (Turner, 1975). Chapter 13 Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. D) Relating to several _____ is the tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to other people. b. prejudice. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. 30. (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). d. oxytocin. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. self-fulfilling. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. Women cannot drive. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). Female 3: But you know your kid better than anybody else and if you think he's acting different than usual, Male 1: acting really down, crying all the time for no good . They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet - labinsky.com We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. Other-race Effect: Definition. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping, Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002, Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009, https://onlinepsych.pepperdine.edu/blog/prejudice-discrimination-coping-skills/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. Unfortunately, even when some countries have created legal protections, they thought that equality applied to only select groups. b. the just-world phenomenon. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of: D) GRIT. This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. What Is the Negativity Bias? - Verywell Mind "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. Module 43 Questions Flashcards | Quizlet After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. It turns out, however, that peoples reaction time on the IAT predicts actual feelings about out-group members, decisions about them, and behavior towardthem, especially nonverbal behavior (Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009). Outgroup bias is the tendency to dislike or belittle members of groups that we don't identify with. Raised in a society that places a premium on individual achievement and uniqueness, Americans seem to develop a tendency to focus on the characteristics of the individual in making attributions. b. physical attractiveness. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. social class, family, football team etc.) In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies ________. We study in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in a multiplayer dictator game in a naturally occuring group setting. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. According to Lyons et al. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. In Juries, Lawyers Now Favor the Uninformed - The New York Times - CNBC Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. A petty cash fund of $200 was established on April 1, 2016. NIMBY | Meaning, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: Chapter 9 Flashcards | Chegg.com Devine, P. G. (1989). Intergroup relations. Early. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. The tendency to favor one's own . The tendency for people to believe the world is Just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two ideologies related to bias. 29 terms. (Blame the Victim). b. hypothalamus c. cognitive dissonance. D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping | Noba Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . Free Group Study Rooms with Timer & Music | Fiveable This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). just-world phenomenon This best illustrates, Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Could you feel that some associations are easier than others? c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. Discrimination and the implicit association test. A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: (Extremes). Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. What term best describes Elena's behavior? bias. c. hindsight bias. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. It pays the utility bill during July. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? 6 facts about Americans and marijuana | Pew Research Center Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). This reaction is best explained in terms of. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. skepticism. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. nearness; the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. Solved QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural | Chegg.com The tendency to recall faces of one's own face more accurately than faces of other races. c. deindividuation. Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. He is disheartened and feels frustrated but is unable to question his manager. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. triangular theory of love. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Impact. b. Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. (2020). In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. c. Conflict Although the interviewer may not be blatantly biased, their automatic or implicit biases may be harmful to one of the applicants. These blatant biases tend to run in packs: People who openly hate one outgroup also hate many others. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. A loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. The tendency to favor their ingroup develops quickly in young children, increasing up to about six years of age, and almost immediately begins to influence their behavior (Aboud, 2003; Aboud & Amato, 2001). The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism. People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. Calls for national unity and patriotism that do not tolerate dissenting voices are an example. a. Basically, rumination . "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. (tn dn si) n., pl. Draw a circle graph with this information. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. Social Sciences. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. What term describes the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. c. young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music. In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). . According to Gallup's polling . 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. Solved The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over - Chegg D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice.
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